Introduction
Using the NMC Security Wizard CLI Utility
Command Line Interface Access and Security
- Introduction
- Telnet and Secure SHell (SSH)
Web Interface Access and Security
- HTTP and HTTPS (with TLS)
RADIUS
- Supported RADIUS Functions and Servers
Secure Disposal Guidelines
- Introduction
  - Delete device contents
  - Dispose of physical device
Appendix 1: Network Management Card Security Deployment Guide
Appendix 2: Network Management Card Security Hardening Checklist

APC Switched Rack PDU User Manual

Displayed below is the user manual for Switched Rack PDU by APC which is a product in the Power Distribution Units (PDUs) category. This manual has pages.

Related Manuals

APC Rack PDU 2G Manual

Security Handbook

Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

990-4910E-001

Publication Date: August, 2020

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Table of Contents

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x i

Introduction........................................................................1

Content and Purpose of this Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

User Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Types of User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Security Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Secure SHell (SSH) and Secure CoPy (SCP) for the Command

Line Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Transport Layer Security (TLS) for the Web interface . . . . . . . .6

Creating and Installing Digital Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Choosing a Method for your System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Using the NMC Security Wizard CLI Utility......................11

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Authentication by Certificates and Host Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Files you Create for TLS and SSH Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Create a Root Certificate and Server Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Procedure for Creating the CA Root Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . .13

Load the CA Root Certificate to your Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Create an SSL/TLS Server Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Load the Server Certificate to the Management Card or

Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Create a Server Certificate and Signing Request. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Procedure for Creating the Certificate Signing Request (CSR) 15

Import the Signed Certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Load the Server Certificate to the Management Card or Device 16

Create an SSH Host Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Procedure for Creating the Host Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16

Load the Host Key to the Management Card or Device . . . . . .17

ii Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Command Line Interface Access and Security ................18

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Telnet and Secure SHell (SSH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Web Interface Access and Security .................................20

HTTP and HTTPS (with TLS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

RADIUS ...........................................................................22

Supported RADIUS Functions and Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Supported functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Supported RADIUS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Configure the Management Card or Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Configure the RADIUS Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Example using Service-Type Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Examples using Vendor Specific Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

RADIUS Users file with VSAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Example with UNIX shadow passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Secure Disposal Guidelines.............................................26

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Delete device contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Dispose of physical device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Appendix 1: Network Management Card Security Deployment

Guide ...............................................................................27

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Best Practices for the Network Management Card . . . . . . . . . 27

Physical Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Description of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

iiiSecurity Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Device Security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Software Patch Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Privileged Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Use of Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Minimum Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

SSH Host Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28

Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

No Unattended Console Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

No Unnecessary Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Background and Description of Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29

Network Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Other Security Detection and Monitoring Tools . . . . . . . . . . . .30

Appendix 2: Network Management Card Security Hardening

Checklist ..........................................................................31

1Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Introduction

Content and Purpose of this Guide

This guide documents security features for firmware version 6.9.x for APC® Network Management Cards

and for devices with embedded components of APC Network Management Cards, which enable the

devices to function remotely over the network.

Note: For information about the security features for firmware versions prior to 6.9.x, please see the

Security Handbook provided on the www.apc.com website, or the Utility CD for the device (if applicable).

This guide documents the following protocols and features, how to select which ones are appropriate for

your situation, and how to set up and use them within an overall security system:

• Telnet and Secure SHell v2 (SSH)

• Transport Layer Security (TLS) v1.1 and v1.2

• RADIUS

• Extensible Authentication Protocol over LAN (EAPoL)

• SNMPv1 and SNMPv3

In addition, this guide documents how to use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create the

components required for the high security available through TLS and SSH.

Note: The NMC Security Wizard CLI utility can create security components for Management Cards or

devices running firmware version v6.6.x and higher. Firmware versions prior to 6.6.x will require the APC

Security Wizard. For information about using the APC Security Wizard with a Management Card or device

running firmware versions prior to 6.6.x. See the Security Handbook provided on the Utility CD for that

device (if applicable).

User Management

Types of User Accounts

The Network Management Card has five basic levels of access:

• A Super User: can use all of the management menus available in the Web interface and all of the

commands in the command line interface.

• Administrative User: can use all of the management menus available in the Web interface and all of

the commands in the command line interface.

• A Device User: can access the event log and data log (but cannot delete the contents of either log),

and can use the device-related menus and commands.

• Network-Only User: can only access network-related information.

• A Read-Only User: can access the event log, data log, and device-related menus, but cannot

change configurations, control devices, delete data, delete the content of logs, or use file transfer

options.

Note: Some APC devices have additional user accounts, e.g., outlet users for Switched Rack PDUs and

an A/C Manager for some NetworkAIR devices. For information on the additional account type, see the

User’s Guide provided with the device.

Note: A Super User is an Administrator account which is persistent and cannot be deleted but can still be

enabled or disabled.

Note: Beginning with firmware version 6.x.x, multiple users can simultaneously be logged into the device.

Note: In firmware v6.8.0 and higher, the Administrative, Device, Network-Only, and Read-Only user

accounts are disabled by default, and cannot be enabled until a password is set for each user account.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x2

Security

Security Features

Protection of passwords and passphrases

No password or passphrase is stored on the Network Management Card in plain text.

• Passwords are hashed using a one-way hash algorithm.

• Passphrases, which are used for authentication and encryption, are encrypted before they are

stored on the Network Management Card.

Summary of access methods

Serial access to the command line interface.

Remote access to the command line interface

Security Access Description

Access is by user

name and password

and by security level

Always enabled

Security Access Description

Available methods:

• User name and

password

• Selectable server port

• Access protocols that

can be enabled or

disabled.

• Secure SHell (SSH)

Available methods:

• Telnet

– With Telnet, the user name and password are

transmitted as plain text.

• SSH

– For high security, use SSH. SSH provides

encrypted access to the command line

interface, to provide additional protection

from attempts to intercept, forge, or alter data

during transmission. If you select SSH as

your remote access protocol, disable Telnet.

3Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

SNMPv1 and SNMPv3

* SNMPv2c is also supported by SNMPv1 and its configuration settings.

File transfer protocols

Security Access Description

Available methods

(SNMPv1)*:

• Community Name

• Host Name

• NMS IP filters

• Agents that can be

enabled or disabled

• Four access

communities

• with read/write/disable

capability

For both SNMPv1 and SNMPv3, the host name restricts

access to the Network Management System (NMS) at that

location only, and the NMS IP filters allow access only to the

NMSs specified by one of the IP address formats in the

following examples:

• 159.215.12.1: Only the NMS at the IP address

159.215.12.1.

• 159.215.12.255: Any NMS on the 159.215.12

segment.

• 159.215.255.255: Any NMS on the 159.215

segment.

• 159.255.255.255: Any NMS on the 159 segment.

• 0.0.0.0 or 255.255.255.255: Any NMS.

• SNMPv3 has additional security features that

include the following:

– An authentication passphrase to ensure that

an NMS trying to access the Management

Card or device is the NMS it claims to be.

– Encryption of data during transmission, with a

privacy passphrase required for encrypting

and decrypting.

Available methods

(SNMPv3):

• Four User Profiles

• Authentication through

an authentication

passphrase

• Encryption through a

privacy passphrase

• SHA or MD5

authentication

• AES or DES encryption

algorithm

• NMS IP filters

Security Access Description

Available methods:

• User name and

password

• Selectable server port

• Access protocols that

can be enabled or

disabled.

• Secure CoPy (SCP)

Available methods:

• FTP

– With FTP, the user name and password are

transmitted as plain text, and files are

transferred without encryption.

• SCP

– Use SCP to encrypt the user name and

password and the files being transferred,

such as firmware updates, language packs,

configuration files, log files, .fwl files,

Transport Layer Security (TLS) certificates,

EAPoL certificates, and Secure SHell (SSH)

host keys. If you choose SCP as your file

transfer protocol, enable SSH and disable

FTP.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x4

Web Server

RADIUS

EAPoL (802.1X Security)

Change default user names and passwords immediately

After installation and initial configuration of the Management Card or network-enabled device,

immediately change the user names and passwords from their defaults to unique user names and

passwords to establish basic security. In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, you are required to change

the default Super User password at first log in as a security measure.

Note: You cannot change the user name of the Super User. The Super User password should be

changed immediately. It is recommended that the Super User account is disabled, once any additional

Administrator accounts are created.

Security Access Description

Available methods:

• User name and

password

• Selectable server port

• Web interface access

that can be enabled or

disabled

• Transport Layer Security

(TLS)

Available methods:

• HTTP

– In basic HTTP authentication mode, the user

name and password are transmitted as plain

text (with no encoding or encryption).

• TLS

– TLS is available on Web browsers supported

for use with the Management Card or

network-enabled device and on most Web

servers. The Web protocol HyperText

Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer

(HTTPS) encrypts and decrypts page

requests to the Web server and pages

returned by the Web server to the user.

Security Access Description

Available methods:

• A server secret shared

between the RADIUS

server and the

Management Card or

device

• The RADIUS sever

name or IP address (IPv4

or IPv6) and port

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) is an

authentication, authorization, and accounting service used to

centrally administer remote access for each Management

Card or device. (APC supports the authentication and

authorization functions.)

Security Access Description

Available methods:

• Access to network ports

based on RADIUS server

authorization.

Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) over LAN (EAPoL) is

a network port authentication protocol used in 802.1X (port-

based Network Access Control)

5Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Port assignments

If the Telnet, FTP, SSH/SCP, or the Web server uses a non-standard port, a user must specify the port in

the command line or Web address used to access the Management Card or device. A non-standard port

number provides an additional level of security. The ports are initially set at the standard “well known

ports” for the protocols. To increase security, change the ports to any unused port numbers from 5001 to

32768 for the FTP server and from 5000 to 32768 for the other protocols and servers. (The FTP server

uses both the specified port and the port one number lower than the specified port.)

User names, passwords, and community names with SNMPv1

All user names, passwords, and community names for SNMPv1 are transferred over the network as plain

text. A user who is capable of monitoring the network traffic can determine the user names and passwords

required to log on to the accounts of the command line interface or Web interface of the Management

Card or network-enabled device. If your network requires the higher security of the encryption-based

options available for the command line interface and Web interface, disable SNMPv1 access or set its

access to Read. (Read access allows you to receive status information and use SNMPv1 traps.)

To disable SNMPv1 access on the Configuration tab, select Network on the top menu bar and select

Access under the SNMPv1 heading. Clear the Enable SNMPv1 access check box and click Apply.

To set SNMPv1 access to Read, perform the following steps: On the Configuration tab select Network.

Select SNMPv1 and then Access Control. For each configured Network Management System (NMS),

click the community names and set the Access Type to Read. Select Apply.

Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, SNMPv1 is disabled by default on new devices and the

Community Names are blank. This is the default when devices running firmware version 6.8.0 are factory

reset.

Authentication

You can choose security features for the Management Card or network-enabled device that control

access by providing basic authentication through network port access, user names, passwords, and IP

addresses, without using encryption. These basic security features are sufficient for most environments in

which sensitive data are not being transferred.

As an added layer of security, network-based port access via EAPoL can also be utilized to request

network access at the individual port level via the network’s switch or router (where applicable) which the

Management Card is connected.

SNMP GETS, SETS, and Traps

For enhanced authentication when you use SNMP to monitor or configure the Management Card or

network-enabled device, choose SNMPv3. The authentication passphrase used with SNMPv3 user

profiles ensures that a Network Management System (NMS) attempting to communicate with the

Management Card or device is the NMS it claims to be, that the message has not been changed during

transmission, and that the message was not delayed, copied, and sent again later at an inappropriate

time. SNMPv3 is disabled by default.

The APC implementation of SNMPv3 allows the use of the SHA-1 or MD5 protocol for authentication.

Web interface and command line interface

To ensure that data and communication between the Management Card or network-enabled device and

the client interfaces (the command line interface and the Web interface) cannot be intercepted, you can

provide a greater level of security by using one or more of the following encryption-based methods:

• For the Web interface, use the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol

• To encrypt user names and passwords for command line interface access, use the Secure SHell

(SSH) protocol

• To encrypt user names, passwords, and data for the secure transfer of files, use the Secure CoPy

(SCP) protocol.

Note: For more information on encryption-based security, see Encryption.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x6

Encryption

SNMP, GETS, SETS, and Traps

For encrypted communication when you use SNMP to monitor or configure the Management Card or

network-enabled device, choose SNMPv3. The privacy passphrase used with SNMPv3 user profiles

ensures the privacy of the data (by means of encryption, using the AES or DES encryption algorithm) that

an NMS sends to or receives from the Management Card or device.

Secure SHell (SSH) and Secure CoPy (SCP) for the Command Line Interface

The Secure SHell protocol

SSH provides a secure mechanism to access computer consoles, or shells, remotely. The protocol

authenticates the server (in this case, the Management Card or network-enabled device) and encrypts all

transmissions between the SSH client and the server.

• SSH is a high-security alternative to Telnet. Telnet does not provide encryption.

• SSH protects the user name and password, which are the credentials for authentication, from being

used by anyone intercepting network traffic.

• To authenticate the SSH server (the Management Card or network-enabled device) to the SSH

client, SSH uses a host key unique to the SSH server. The host key is an identification that cannot

be falsified, and it prevents an invalid server on the network from obtaining a user name and

password by presenting itself as a valid server.

Note: For information on supported SSH client applications, see Telnet and Secure SHell (SSH). To

create a host key, see Create an SSH Host Key.

The Management Card or device supports SSHv2, which provides protection from attempts to intercept,

forge, or change data during transmission.

• When you enable SSH, you should disable Telnet. Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher,

Telnet is disabled by default.

• The interface, user accounts, and user access rights are the same whether you access the

command line interface through SSH or Telnet.

Secure CoPy

SCP is a secure file transfer application that you can use instead of FTP. SCP uses the SSH protocol as

the underlying transport protocol for encryption of user names, passwords, and files.

• When you enable and configure SSH, you automatically enable and configure SCP. No further

configuration of SCP is needed.

• You must explicitly disable FTP. It is not disabled by enabling SSH. To disable FTP, on the

Configuration tab, select Network and then FTP Server. Clear the Enable check box and click

Apply.

Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, FTP is disabled by default.

Transport Layer Security (TLS) for the Web interface

For secure Web communication, enable Transport Layer Security (TLS) by selecting HTTPS as the

protocol mode to use for access to the Web interface of the Management Card or network-enabled

device. HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer (HTTPS) is a Web protocol that encrypts

and decrypts page requests from the user and pages that are returned by the Web server to the user. The

Management Card or network-enabled device supports Transport Layer Security (TLS) versions 1.1 and

1.2.

7Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Note: The Management Card automatically negotiates to use the highest supported protocol or cipher

suite that is supported by the Management Card and the client. Use the client-side settings to enable/

disable certain protocols or cipher suites. Alternatively, the various cipher suites/algorithms the

Management Card supports can be configured via the CLI interface. The Minimum Protocol field can also

be configured to be used to force the minimal protocol (TLS 1.1 or TLS 1.2) to use when negotiating a

connection.

Note: When TLS is enabled, your browser displays a small lock icon.

TLS uses a digital certificate to enable the browser to authenticate the server (in this case, the

Management Card or device). The browser verifies the following:

• The format of the server certificate is correct.

• The expiration date and time of the server certificate have not passed.

• The DNS name or IP address specified when a user logs on matches the Common Name (or

Subject Alt Name) in the server certificate.

• The server certificate is signed by a trusted certifying authority Each major browser manufacturer

distributes CA root certificates of the commercial Certificate Authorities in the certificate store

(cache) of its browser so that it can compare the signature on the server certificate to the signature

on a CA root certificate.

You can use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a certificate signing request to an external

Certificate Authority, or if you do not want to use an existing Certificate Authority, you can create an APC

root certificate to upload to the certificate store (cache) of the browser. You can also use the utility to

create a server certificate to upload to the Management Card or device.

Note: See Creating and Installing Digital Certificates for a summary of how these certificates are used. To

create certificates and certificate requests, see Create a Root Certificate and Server Certificates and

Create a Server Certificate and Signing Request.

TLS also uses various algorithms and encryption ciphers to authenticate the server, encrypt data, and

ensure the integrity of the data, i.e., that it has not been intercepted and sent by another server.

Note: Web pages that you have recently accessed are saved in the cache of your Web browser and allow

you to return to those pages without re-entering your user name and password. Always close your

browser session before you leave your computer unattended.

Creating and Installing Digital Certificates

Purpose

For network communication that requires a higher level of security than password encryption, the Web

interface of the Management Card or network-enabled device supports the use of digital certificates with

the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. Digital certificates can authenticate the Management Card or

device (the server) to the Web browser (the TLS client).

Note: While you can generate a 1024-bit key, it is highly recommended you generate a 2048-bit key,

which provides complex encryption and a higher level of security.

The sections that follow summarize the three methods of creating, implementing, and using digital

certificates to help you determine the most appropriate method for your system.

• Method 1: Use the default certificate auto-generated by the Network Management Card or network-

enabled device (2048-bit).

Note: AOS v6.4.0 and higher use a SHA-2 signature algorithm.

• Method 2: Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a CA certificate and a server

certificate.

• Method 3: Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a certificate-signing request to be

signed by the root certificate of an external Certificate Authority and to create a server certificate.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x8

Note: You can also use Method 3 if your company or agency operates its own Certificate Authority. Use

the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility in the same way, but use your own Certificate Authority in place of a

commercial Certificate Authority.

Choosing a Method for your System

Using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol, you can choose any of the following methods for using

digital certificates.

Method 1: Use the default certificate auto-generated by the Network Management Card or

network-enabled device.

When you enable TLS, you must reboot the Management Card or device. During rebooting, if no server

certificate exists, the Management Card or device generates a default server certificate that is self-signed

but that you cannot configure.

Method 1 has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages:

• Before they are transmitted, the user name and password and all data to and from the

Management Card or device are encrypted.

• You can use this default server certificate to provide encryption-based security while you are

setting up either of the other two digital certificate options, or you can continue to use it for the

benefits of encryption that TLS provides.

Disadvantages:

• The Management Card or device takes up to 1 minute to create this 2048-bit certificate, and the

Web interface is not available during that time (This delay occurs the first time you log on after you

enable TLS).

• This method does not include the authentication provided by a CA certificate (a certificate signed

by a Certificate Authority) that Methods 2 and 3 provide. There is no CA Certificate cached in the

browser. Therefore, when you log on to the Management Card or device, the browser generates a

security alert, indicating that a certificate signed by a trusted authority is not available, and asks if

you want to proceed. To avoid this message, you must install the default server certificate into the

certificate store (cache) of the browser of each user who needs access to the Management Card or

device, and each user must always use the fully qualified domain name of the server when logging

on to the Management Card or device.

• The default server certificate has the serial number of the Management Card or device in place of a

valid Common Name or Subject Alt Name (the DNS name or the IP address of the Management

Card or device). Therefore, although the Management Card or device can control access to its

Web interface by user name, password, and account type (e.g., Super User, Administrator,

Device-Only User, or Read-Only User), the browser cannot authenticate which Management

Card or device is sending or receiving data.

• The length of the public key (RSA key) that is used for encryption when setting up a TLS session is

2048 bits, by default.

9Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Method 2: Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a CA certificate and a server

certificate

Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create two digital certificates:

• CA root certificate (Certificate Authority root certificate) that the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility

uses to sign all server certificates and which you then install into the certificate store (cache) of the

browser of each user who needs access to the Management Card or device.

• A server certificate that you upload to the Management Card or device. When the NMC Security

Wizard CLI utility creates a server certificate, it uses the CA root certificate to sign the server

certificate.

The Web browser authenticates the Management Card or device sending or requesting data:

• To identify the Management Card or device, the browser uses the Common Name or Subject Alt

Name (IP address or DNS name of the Management Card or device) that was specified in the

server certificate’s distinguished name when the certificate was created.

• To confirm that the server certificate is signed by a “trusted” signing authority, the browser

compares the signature of the server certificate with the signature in the root certificate cached in

the browser. An expiration date confirms whether the server certificate is current.

Method 2 has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

Before they are transmitted, the user name and password and all data to and from the Management Card

or device are encrypted.

• You choose the length of the public key (RSA key) that is used for encryption when setting up a

TLS session (use 2048-bit to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

• The server certificate that you upload to the Management Card or device enables TLS to

authenticate that data is being received from and sent to the correct Management Card or device.

This provides an extra level of security beyond the encryption of the user name, password, and

transmitted data.

• The root certificate that you install to the browser enables the browser to authenticate the server

certificate of the Management Card or device to provide additional protection from unauthorized

access.

Disadvantage

Because the certificates do not have the digital signature of a commercial Certificate Authority, you must

load a root certificate individually into the certificate store (cache) of each user’s browser. (Browser

manufacturers already provide root certificates for commercial Certificate Authorities in the certificate

store within the browser, as described in Method 3.)

Method 3: Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a certificate-signing request

to be signed by the root certificate of an external Certificate Authority and to create a

server certificate.

Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a request (a .csr file) to send to a Certificate Authority.

The Certificate Authority returns a signed certificate (a .crt file or .cer file typically) based on information

you submitted in your request. You then use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a server

certificate (a .p15 file) that includes the signature from the root certificate returned by the Certificate

Authority. Upload the server certificate to the Management Card or device.

Note: You can also use Method 3 if your company or agency operates its own Certificate Authority. Use

the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility in the same way, but use your own Certificate Authority in place of a

commercial Certificate Authority.

Method 3 has the following advantages and disadvantages.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x10

Advantages

Before they are transmitted, the user name and password and all data to and from the Management Card

or device are encrypted.

• You have the benefit of authentication by a Certificate Authority that already has a signed root

certificate in the certificate cache of the browser. (The CA certificates of commercial Certificate

Authorities are distributed as part of the browser software, and a Certificate Authority of your own

company or agency has probably already loaded its CA certificate to the browser store of each

user’s browser.) Therefore, you do not have to upload a root certificate to the browser of each user

who needs access to the Management Card or device.

• You choose the length of the public key (RSA key) that is used for setting up a TLS session (use

2048-bit to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

• The server certificate that you upload to the Management Card or device enables TLS to

authenticate that data are being received from and sent to the correct Management Card or device.

This provides an extra level of security beyond the encryption of the user name, password, and

transmitted data.

• The browser matches the digital signature on the server certificate that you uploaded to the

Management Card or device with the signature on the CA root certificate that is already in the

browser’s certificate cache to provide additional protection from unauthorized access.

Disadvantages

Setup requires the extra step of requesting a signed root certificate from a Certificate Authority.

• An external Certificate Authority may charge a fee for providing signed certificates.

Firewalls

Although some methods of authentication provide a higher level of security than others, complete

protection from security breaches is almost impossible to achieve. Well-configured firewalls are an

essential element in an overall security scheme.

Logs: The Active Firewall Policy Log lists the most recent firewall events, including the protocol, traffic,

action, and rule priority, in reverse chronological order. Note: This log is not persistent and can hold up to

50 events.

Configuration: Enable or disable the overall firewall functionality.

Active Policy: Select an active policy from the available firewall policies.

Active Rules: Lists the individual rules that are being enforced based on the current active policy. Note:

This option is only available when the firewall is enabled.

Create/Edit Policy: Create a new policy or edit an existing one.

Load Policy: Load a policy file (.fwl suffix) from a source external to this device.

Test policy: Temporarily enforce the rules of a chosen policy.

11Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Using the NMC Security Wizard CLI Utility

Overview

The NMC Security Wizard CLI utility creates components needed for high security for a Management

Card or network-enabled device on the network when you are using Transport Layer Security (TLS) and

related protocols and encryption routines.

Note: The NMC Security Wizard CLI utility can create security components for Management Cards or

devices running firmware 6.6.x or higher. Firmware versions prior to 6.6.x will require the APC Security

Wizard. For information about using the APC Security Wizard with a Management Card or device running

firmware versions prior to 6.6.x, see the Security Handbook provided on the Utility CD (if applicable) for

that device.

Authentication by Certificates and Host Keys

Authentication verifies the identity of a user or a network device (such as an APC Network Management

Card or network-enabled device). Passwords typically identify computer users. However, for transactions

or communications requiring more stringent security methods on the Internet, the Management Card or

device supports more secure methods of authentication.

• Transport Layer Security (TLS), used for secure Web access, uses digital certificates for

authentication. A digital CA root certificate is issued by a Certificate Authority (CA) as part of a

public key infrastructure, and its digital signature must match the digital signature on a server

certificate on the Management Card or device.

• Secure SHell (SSH), used for remote terminal access to the command line interface of the

Management Card or device, uses a public host key for authentication.

How certificates are used

Most Web browsers, including all browsers supported by Network Management Cards or network-

enabled devices, contain a set of CA root certificates from all of the commercial Certificate Authorities.

Authentication of the server (in this case, the Management Card or device) occurs each time a connection

is made from the browser to the server. The browser checks to be sure that the server’s certificate is

signed by a Certificate Authority known to the browser. For authentication to occur:

• Each server (Management Card or device) with TLS enabled must have a server certificate on the

server itself.

• Any browser that is used to access the Web interface of the Management Card or device must

contain the CA root certificate that signed the server certificate. If authentication fails, a browser

message asks you whether to continue even though it cannot authenticate the server.

If your network does not require the authentication provided by digital certificates, you can use the default

certificate that the Management Card or device generates automatically. The default certificate’s digital

signature will not be recognized by browsers, but a default certificate enables you to use TLS for the

encryption of transmitted user names, passwords, and data. (If you use the default certificate, the browser

prompts you to agree to unauthenticated access before it logs you on to the Web interface of the

Management Card or device.)

How SSH host keys are used

An SSH host key authenticates the identity of the server (the Management Card or device) each time an

SSH client contacts that server. Each server with SSH enabled must have an SSH host key on the server

itself.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x12

Files you Create for TLS and SSH Security

Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI to create these components of a TLS and SSH security system:

• The server certificate for the Management Card or network-enabled device, if you want the benefits

of authentication that such a certificate provides. You can create either of the following types of

server certificate:

a. A server certificate signed by a custom CA root certificate also created with the NMC

Security Wizard CLI. Use this method if your company or agency does not have its own

Certificate Authority and you do not want to use an external Certificate Authority to sign the

server certificate.

b. A server certificate signed by an external Certificate Authority. This Certificate Authority can

be one that is managed by your own company or agency or can be one of the commercial

Certificate Authorities whose CA root certificates are distributed as part of a browser’s

software.

• A certificate signing request containing all the information required for a server certificate except

the digital signature. You need this request if you are using an external Certificate Authority.

• A CA root certificate

• An SSH host key that your SSH client program uses to authenticate the Management Card or

device when you log on to the command line interface.

Note: You define whether the public keys for TLS certificates and the host keys for SSH that are created

with the NMC Security Wizard CLI are 2048-bit RSA keys (the default setting), or 1024-bit RSA keys,

which provide complex encryption and a higher level of security.

Note: NMC Security Wizard CLI uses the SHA-2 signature algorithm.

Note: If you do not create and use TLS server certificates and SSH host keys with the NMC Security

Wizard CLI, the Management Card or device generates 2048-bit RSA keys using the SHA-2 signature

algorithm.

Only APC server management and key management products can use server certificates, host keys, and

CA root certificates created by the NMC Security Wizard CLI. These files will not work with products such

as OpenSSL® and Microsoft® Internet Information Services (IIS).

Create a Root Certificate and Server Certificates

Summary

Use this procedure if your company or agency does not have its own Certificate Authority and you do not

want to use a commercial Certificate Authority to sign your server certificates.

Note: Define the size of the public RSA key that is part of the certificate generated by the NMC Security

Wizard CLI. You can generate a 1024-bit key, or you can generate a 2048-bit key, which provides complex

encryption and a higher level of security. (The default key generated by the Management Card or network-

enabled device, if you do not use the NMC Security Wizard CLI, is 2048 bits.)

13Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Create a CA root certificate that will sign all server certificates to be used with Management Cards or

devices. During this task, two files are created:

• The file with the .p15 suffix is an encrypted file that contains the Certificate Authority’s private key

and public root certificate. This file signs server certificates.

• The file with the .crt suffix contains only the Certificate Authority’s public root certificate. Load this

file into each Web browser that will be used to access the Management Card or device so that the

browser can validate the server certificate of that Management Card or device.

• Create a server certificate, which is stored in a file with a .p15 suffix. During this task, you are

prompted for the CA root certificate that signs the server certificate.

• Load the server certificate onto the Management Card or device.

• For each Management Card or device that requires a server certificate, repeat the tasks that create

and load the server certificate.

Procedure for Creating the CA Root Certificate

1. If the NMC Security Wizard CLI is not already extracted to a folder on your computer, double-click

the self-extracting archive to extract the necessary files.

2. Open a command prompt and navigate to the folder containing the extracted NMC Security

Wizard CLI files.

3. Issue the below command and complete the fields to create the CA Root Certificate:

NMCSecurityWizardCLI --caroot -o <file> -n <common_name> -c <country> [-

m <state_province> -l <locality> -g <organization> -u <organization-

al_unit> -e <email> -f <validity_from> -t <validity_to> -i <uri_name> -d

<dns_name> -a <ip_address>]

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -o flag, which will contain the certificate authority’s public root

certificate and private key. The file must not contain a suffix/file extension and, by default, will be created in

the current folder.

Note: You can use the -k flag to specify the length of the key to generate (use 1024 bits or 2048 bits,

which is the default setting, to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

Note: When you provide the information to an internal/public CA, the Country and Common Name fields

are the only required fields. For the Common Name field, enter an identifying name of your company or

agency. Use only alphanumeric characters, with no spaces.

Note: By default, a CA root certificate is valid for 4 years from the current date, but you can edit the Validity

Period Start and Validity Period End fields.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x14

Load the CA Root Certificate to your Browser

Load the .crt file to the browser of each user who needs to access the management card or device.

Note: See the help system of the browser for information on how to load the .crt file into the browser’s

certificate store (cache). Following is a summary of the procedure for Microsoft Internet Explorer.

1. Select Tools, then Internet Options from the menu bar.

2. In the dialog box, on the Content tab click Certificates and then Import.

3. The Certificate Import Wizard guides you through the rest of the procedure. The file type to select

is X.509, and the CA Public Root Certificate is the .crt file created in the procedure Create a Root

Certificate and Server Certificates.

Create an SSL/TLS Server Certificate

1. Open a command prompt and navigate to the folder containing the extracted NMC Security

Wizard CLI files.

2. Issue the below command and complete the fields to create the SSL Server Certificate:

NMCSecurityWizardCLI --sslcert -o <file> -r <file> -n <common_name> -c

<country> [-m <state_province> -l <locality> -g <organization> -u <orga-

nizational_unit> -e <email> -f <validity_from> -t <validity_to> -i

<uri_name> -d <dns_name> -a <ip_address>]

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -o flag, which will contain the SSL server certificate and

corresponding browser certificate. The file must not contain a suffix/file extension and, by default,

will be created in the current folder with the .p15 and .crt extensions respectively.

Note: Enter the name for the CA Public Root Certificate using the -r flag. The value must not

contain the suffix/file extension of the actual file.

Note: You can use the -k flag to specify the length of the key to generate (use 1024 bits or 2048

bits, which is the default setting, to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

Note: When you provide the information to configure the CA root certificate, the Country and

Common Name fields are the only required fields. For the Common Name field, enter an identify-

ing name of your company or agency. Use only alphanumeric characters, with no spaces.

Note: By default, a CA root certificate is valid for 4 years from the current date, but you can edit the

Validity Period Start and Validity Period End fields.

Note: Because the configuration information is part of the signature, the information for every cer-

tificate must be unique. The configuration of a server certificate cannot be the same as the config-

uration of the CA root certificate. (The expiration date is not considered part of the unique

configuration. Some other configuration information must also differ.

3. The output will then display the certificate issuer and certificate subject information. If any

information is incorrect, rerun the command with the correct values.

Load the Server Certificate to the Management Card or Device

1. Select: Configuration > Network > Web > SSL Certificate tab

2. Select Add or Replace Certificate File, and browse to the server certificate, the .p15 file you

created in the procedure Create a Root Certificate and Server Certificates.

Note: You can use FTP or Secure CoPy (SCP) instead to transfer the server certificate. An example

command for SCP to transfer a certificate named cert.p15 to a Management Card or device with an IP

address of 156.205.6.185 would be: scp cert.p15 apc@156.205.6.185:/ssl/.

Note: SCP utilities may have different command syntax.

15Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Create a Server Certificate and Signing Request

Summary

Use this procedure if your company or agency has its own Certificate Authority or if you plan to use a

commercial Certificate Authority to sign your server certificates.

• Create a Certificate Signing Request (CSR). The CSR contains all the information for a server

certificate except the digital signature. This process creates two output files:

a. The file with the .p15 suffix contains the private key of the Management Card or device.

b. The file with the .csr suffix contains the certificate signing request, which you send to an

external Certificate Authority.

• When you receive the signed certificate from the Certificate Authority, import that certificate.

Importing the certificate combines the .p15 file containing the private key and the file containing the

signed certificate from the external Certificate Authority. The output file is a new encrypted server

certificate file with a .p15 suffix.

• Load the server certificate onto the Management Card or device.

• For each Management Card or device that requires a server certificate, repeat the tasks that create

and load the server certificate.

Procedure for Creating the Certificate Signing Request (CSR)

1. If the NMC Security Wizard CLI is not already extracted to a folder on your computer, double-click

the self-extracting archive to extract the necessary files.

2. Open a command prompt and navigate to the folder containing the extracted NMC Security

Wizard CLI files.

3. Issue the below command and complete the fields to create the Certificate Signing Request:

NMCSecurityWizardCLI --csr -o <file> -n <common_name> -c <country>

[-m <state_province> -l <locality> -g <organization> -u <organization-

al_unit> -e <email> -i <uri_name> -d <dns_name> -a <ip_address>]

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -o flag, which will contain the certificate signing request

and corresponding private key. The file must not contain a suffix/file extension and, by default, will

be created in the current folder with the .csr and .p15 extensions respectively.

Note: You can use the -k flag to specify the length of the key to generate (use 1024 bits or 2048

bits, which is the default setting, to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

Note: When you provide the information to configure the CA root certificate, the Country and

Common Name fields are the only required fields. For the Common Name field, enter an identify-

ing name of your company or agency. Use only alphanumeric characters, with no spaces.

Note: By default, a CA root certificate is valid for 4 years from the current date, but you can edit the

Validity Period Start and Validity Period End fields.

4. Send the certificate signing request to an external Certificate Authority, either a commercial

Certificate Authority or, if applicable, a Certificate Authority managed by your own company or

agency.

Note: See the instructions provided by the Certificate Authority regarding the signing and issuing of server

certificates.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x16

Import the Signed Certificate

When the external Certificate Authority returns the signed certificate, import the certificate. This procedure

combines the signed certificate and the private key into an SSL/TLS server certificate that you then

upload to the Management Card or device.

1. Open a command prompt and navigate to the folder containing the extracted NMC Security

Wizard CLI files

2. Issue the below command and complete the fields to create the SSL/TLS Server Certificate:

NMCSecurityWizardCLI --import -o <file> -s <file> -p <file>

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -o flag, which will contain the SSL/TLS server certificate.

The file must not contain a suffix/file extension and, by default, will be created in the current folder

with the .p15 extension.

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -s flag, which contains the signed server certificate. The

file must contain a suffix/file extension of .cer or .crt.

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -p flag, which contains the private key. The file must not

contain a suffix/file extension, but locally will have the .p15 extension.

3. The output will then display the Issuer Information on the summary screen which confirms that the

external Certificate Authority signed the certificate.

Load the Server Certificate to the Management Card or Device

1. Select: Configuration > Network > Web > SSL Certificate

2. Select Add or Replace Certificate File, and browse to the server certificate, the .p15 file you

created in the procedure Create a Root Certificate and Server Certificates.

Note: You can use FTP or Secure CoPy (SCP) instead to transfer the server certificate. An example

command for SCP to transfer a certificate named cert.p15 to a Management Card or device with an IP

address of 156.205.6.185 would be: scp cert.p15 apc@156.205.6.185:/ssl/.

Note: SCP utilities may have different command syntax.

Create an SSH Host Key

Summary

This procedure is optional. If you select SSH encryption, but do not create a host key, the Management

Card or device generates a 2048-bit RSA key when it reboots. You define whether the host keys for SSH

that are created with the NMC Security Wizard CLI are 1024-bit or 2048-bit RSA keys.

Note: You can generate a 1024-bit key, or you can generate a 2048-bit key, which provides complex

encryption and a higher level of security.

• Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI to create a host key, which is encrypted and stored in a file with

the .p15 suffix.

• Load the host key onto the Management Card or device.

Procedure for Creating the Host Key

1. If the NMC Security Wizard CLI is not already extracted to a folder on your computer, double-click

the self-extracting archive to extract the appropriate files.

2. Open a command prompt and navigate to the folder containing the extracted NMC Security

Wizard CLI files.

3. Issue the below command and complete the fields to create the SSH Server Host Key:

NMCSecurityWizardCLI --sshkey -o <file>

17Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Note: Enter a name for this file using the -o flag, which will contain the SSH server host key. The

file must not contain a suffix/file extension and, by default, will be created in the current folder with

the .p15 extension.

Note: You can use the -k flag to specify the length of the key to generate (use 1024 bits or 2048

bits, which is the default setting, to provide complex encryption and a high level of security).

Load the Host Key to the Management Card or Device

1. Select: Configuration > Network > Console > SSH Host Key

2. Select Add or Replace Host Key, and browse to the host key, the .p15 file you created in the

procedure Create the host key.

3. At the bottom of the User Host Key page, note the SSH fingerprint. Log on to the Management

Card or device through your SSH client program and verify that the correct host key was uploaded

by verifying that these fingerprints match the fingerprints that the client program displays.

Note: Alternatively, you can use FTP or Secure CoPy (SCP) to transfer the host key file to the

Management Card or device. An example command for SCP to transfer a host key named hostkey.p15

to a Management Card or device with an IP address of 156.205.6.185 would be: scp hostkey.p15

apc@156.205.6.185:/ssh/.

Note: SCP utilities may have different command syntax.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x18

Command Line Interface Access and

Security

Introduction

All user accounts can access the command line interface through Telnet or Secure SHell (SSH),

depending on which is enabled. (A Super User or Administrator can enable these access methods by

selecting the Configuration > Network > Console > Access. Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher,

Telnet is disabled by default.

The CLI commands available will depend on the user account accessing the command line interface. For

example: the console command is only available to the Super User, Administrator, and Network Only

User accounts.

Telnet for basic access. Telnet provides the basic security of authentication by user name and

password, but not the high-security benefits of encryption.

SSH for high-security access. If you use the high security of TLS for the Web interface, use Secure

SHell (SSH) for access to the command line interface. SSH encrypts user names, passwords and

transmitted data.

The interface, user accounts, and user access rights are the same whether you access the command line

interface through SSH or Telnet, but to use SSH, you must first configure SSH and have an SSH client

program installed on your computer.

Telnet and Secure SHell (SSH)

If SSH is enabled, you should disable Telnet access the command line interface, for improved security.

Enabling SSH enables SCP automatically.

Note: When SSH is enabled and its port is configured, no further configuration is required to use Secure

CoPy (SCP). SCP uses the same configuration as SSH. To use SSH, you must have an SSH client

installed. Most Linux and other UNIX® platforms include an SSH client, but Microsoft Windows operating

systems do not. SSH clients are available from various vendors.

To configure the options for Telnet and Secure SHell (SSH):

• On the Configuration tab of the Web interface, select Network on the top menu bar, and select

Access under the Console heading.

• Configure the port settings for Telnet and SSH.

Note: For information on the extra security a non-standard port provides, see Port assignments.

• Select: Configuration > Network > Console > SSH Host Key. specify a host key file previously

created with the APC Security Wizard, and load it to the Management Card or device.

If you do not specify a host key file here, if you install an invalid host key, or if you enable SSH with no host

key installed, the Management Card or device generates an RSA host key of 2048 bits. For the

Management Card or device to create a host key, it must reboot. The Management Card or device can

take up to 1 minute to create this host key, and SSH is not accessible during that time.

Note: Alternatively, from a command line interface such as the command prompt on Windows operating

systems, you can use FTP or Secure CoPy (SCP) to transfer the host key file.

• Display the fingerprint of the SSH host key for SSH version 2. Most SSH clients display the

fingerprint at the start of a session. Compare the fingerprint displayed by the client to the fingerprint

19Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

that you recorded from the Web interface or command line interface of the Management Card or

device.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x20

Web Interface Access and Security

HTTP and HTTPS (with TLS)

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) provides access by user name and password, but does not encrypt

user names, passwords, and data during transmission. HyperText Transfer Protocol over Secure Sockets

Layer (HTTPS) encrypts user names, passwords, and data during transmission, and provides

authentication of the Management Card or device by means of digital certificates. By default, HTTP is

disabled, and HTTPS is enabled.

Note: See Creating and Installing Digital Certificates to choose among the several methods for using

digital certificates.

To configure HTTP and HTTPS:

• On the Configuration tab, select Network on the top menu bar and Access under the Web tab.

• Enable either HTTP or HTTPS and configure the ports that each of the two protocols will use.

Changes take effect the next time you log on. When TLS is activated, your browser displays a

small lock icon.

Note: For information on the extra security a non-standard port provides, see Port assignments.

• Select: Configuration > Network > Web > SSL Certificate to determine whether a server

certificate is installed on the Management Card or device. If a certificate was created with the NMC

Security Wizard CLI utility but is not installed:

a. In the Web interface, browse to the certificate file and upload it to the Management Card or

device.

b. Alternatively, use the Secure CoPy (SCP) protocol or FTP to upload the certificate file to the

/ssl folder of the Management Card or device.

Note: Creating and uploading a server certificate in advance reduces the time required to enable HTTPS.

If you enable HTTPS with no server certificate loaded, the Management Card or device creates one when

it reboots. The Management Card or device can take up to 1 minute to create the certificate, and the

SSL/TLS server is unavailable during that time.

Note: A certificate that the Management Card or device generates has some limitations. See Method 1:

Use the default certificate auto-generated by the Network Management Card or network-enabled device.

• If a valid digital server certificate is loaded, the Status field displays the link Valid Certificate. Click

the link to display the parameters of the certificate.

21Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Parameter Description

Issued To:

Common Name (CN): The IP Address or DNS name of the

Management Card or device. This field controls how you must

log on to the Web interface.

• If an IP address was specified for this field when the

certificate was created, use an IP address to log on.

• If the DNS name was specified for this field when the

certificate was created, use the DNS name to log on.

Note: Full certificate properties can be verified via the

browser.

If you do not use the IP address or DNS name that was

specified for the certificate, authentication fails, and you

receive an error message asking if you want to continue. For

a server certificate generated by default by the Management

Card or device, this field displays the serial number of the

Management Card or device instead. Organization (O),

Organizational Unit (OU), and Locality, Country: The

name, organizational unit, and location of the organization

using the server certificate. For a server certificate generated

by default by the Management Card or device, the

Organizational Unit (OU) field displays “Internally Generated

Certificate.” Serial Number: The serial number of the server

certificate.

Issued By:

Common Name (CN): The Common Name as specified in

the CA root certificate. For a server certificate generated by

default by the Management Card or device, this field displays

the serial number of the Management Card or device instead.

Organization (O) and Organizational Unit (OU): The name

and organizational unit of the organization that issued the

server certificate. If the server certificate was generated by

default by the Management Card or device, this field displays

“Internally Generated Certificate.”

Validity:

Issued on: The date and time at which the certificate was

issued.

Expires on: The date and time at which the certificate

expires.

Fingerprints

Each of the two fingerprints is a long string of alphanumeric

characters, punctuated by colons. A fingerprint is a unique

identifier to further authenticate the server. Record the

fingerprints to compare them with the fingerprints contained in

the certificate, as displayed in the browser.

SHA1 Fingerprint: A fingerprint created by a Secure Hash

Algorithm (SHA-1).

MD5 Fingerprint: A fingerprint created by a Message Digest

5 (MD5) algorithm.

Note: This does not represent the signature hash algorithm

used on the certificate.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x22

RADIUS

Supported RADIUS Functions and Servers

Supported functions

APC supports the authentication and authorization functions of Remote Authentication Dial-In User

Service (RADIUS). Use RADIUS to administer remote access for each Management Card or network-

enabled device centrally. When a user accesses the Management Card or device, an authentication

request is sent to the RADIUS server to determine the permission level of the user.

Note: For more information on permission levels, see Types of user accounts.

Supported RADIUS Servers

FreeRADIUS v1.x and v2.x, and Microsoft Server 2008 and 2012 Network policy Server (NPS) are

supported. Other commonly available RADIUS applications may work, but may not have been fully tested.

Configure the Management Card or Device

Authentication

Note: RADIUS user names used with APC Network Management Cards or devices are limited to 64

characters.

On the Configuration tab, select Security on the top menu bar. Then, under Remote Users on the left

navigation menu, select authentication to define an authentication method:

• Local Authentication Only: RADIUS is disabled. Local authentication is enabled.

• RADIUS, then Local Authentication: Both RADIUS and local authentication are enabled.

Authentication is requested from the RADIUS server first; local authentication is used only if the

RADIUS server fails to respond.

• RADIUS Only: RADIUS is enabled. Local authentication is disabled.

Note: If RADIUS Only is selected, and the RADIUS server is unavailable, improperly identified, or

improperly configured, remote access is unavailable to all users. You must use a serial connection to the

command line interface and change the RADIUS access setting to local or radiusLocal to regain access.

For example, the command to change the access setting to local would be: radius -a local.

Note: RADIUS configuration supports Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) only.

Note: To login serially to RADIUS, Remote Authentication Override (Configuration > Security >

Session Management) and Serial Remote Authentication Override (Configuration > Security >

Local Users > Management) must be enabled. For more information, see the NMC User Guide.

To configure RADIUS, on the Configuration tab, select Security on the top menu bar. Then, under

Remote Users on the left navigation menu, select RADIUS.

Settings Description

RADIUS

The server name or IP address of the RADIUS server.

Port The port of the RADIUS server (1812 by default). The NMC

also supports ports 5000-32768.

Secret The secret shared between the RADIUS server and the

Management Card or device.

23Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Configure the RADIUS Server

You must configure your RADIUS server to work with the Management Card or device. The examples in

this section may differ somewhat from the required content or format of your specific RADIUS server. In

the examples, any reference to outlets applies only to APC devices that support outlet users.

• Add the IP address of the Management Card or device to the RADIUS server client list (file).

• Users must be configured with Service-Type attributes unless Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs)

are defined instead. If no Service-Type attribute is configured, the user has read-only access (to

the Web interface only). The two acceptable values for Service-Type are Administrative-User (6),

which gives the user Administrator permissions, and Login-User (1), which gives the user Device

permissions.

Note: See your RADIUS server documentation for information about the RADIUS users file.

Example using Service-Type Attributes

In the following example of a RADIUS users file:

– UPSAdmin corresponds to Service-Type: Administrative-User, (6)

– UPSDevice corresponds to Service-Type: Login-User, (1)

– UPSReadOnly corresponds to Service-Type: null

UPSAdmin Auth-Type = Local, Password = "admin"

Service-Type = Administrative-User

UPSDevice Auth-Type = Local, Password = "device"

Service-Type = Login-User

UPSReadOnly Auth-Type = Local, Password = "readonly"

Examples using Vendor Specific Attributes

Vendor Specific Attributes (VSAs) can be used instead of the Service-Type attributes provided by your

RADIUS server. This method requires a dictionary entry and a RADIUS users file. In the dictionary file,

you can define the names for the ATTRIBUTE and VALUE keywords, but not the numeric values. If you

change the numeric values, RADIUS authentication and authorization will not work correctly. VSAs take

precedence over standard RADIUS attributes.

Dictionary file. Following is an example of a RADIUS dictionary file (dictionary.apc):

Reply Timeout The time in seconds that the Management Card or device

waits for a response from the RADIUS server.

Test Settings Enter the Administrator user name and password to test the

RADIUS server configuration.

Skip Test and Apply Do not test the RADIUS server configuration.

Settings Description

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x24

# dictionary.apc

VENDOR APC 318

# Attributes

ATTRIBUTE APC-Service-Type 1 integer APC

ATTRIBUTE APC-Outlets 2 string APC

VALUE APC-Service-Type Admin 1

VALUE APC-Service-Type Device 2

VALUE APC-Service-Type ReadOnly 3

# For devices with outlet users only

VALUE APC-Service-Type Outlet 4

RADIUS Users file with VSAs

Following is an example of a RADIUS users file with VSAs:

VSAAdmin Auth-Type = Local, Password = "admin"

APC-Service-Type = Admin

VSADevice Auth-Type = Local, Password = "device"

APC-Service-Type = Device

VSAReadOnly Auth-Type = Local, Password = "readonly"

APC-Service-Type = ReadOnly

# Give user access to device outlets 1, 2 and 3.

VSAOutlet Auth-Type = Local, Password = "outlet"

APC-Service-Type = Outlet,

APC-Outlets = "1,2,3"

Note: The information below applies to AP8xxx SKUs when using the Network Port Sharing (NPS)

feature.

# give user access to outlets 1,2, and 3 on unit 1,

# outlet 7 on unit 2, outlets 1 through 6

# on unit 3, and outlets 1,2,4 through 6, 7 through 10,

# and 20 on unit 4

newOutletUser Auth-Type = Local, User-Password = "newoutlets"

APC-Service-Type = Outlet,

APC-Outlets = "1[1,2,3];2[7];3[1-6];4[1,2,4-6,7-10,20];"

Note: See the following related topics:

• Types of User Accounts for information on the three basic user permission levels (Super User/

Administrator, Device User, and Read-Only User). If your APC device has an additional user

25Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

account type, e.g., outlet user for a Switched Rack PDU, see the User’s Guide provided with your

device for information on the additional account type.

• Supported RADIUS Servers for information on RADIUS servers tested and supported by APC.

Example with UNIX shadow passwords

If UNIX shadow password files are used (/etc/passwd) with the RADIUS dictionary files, the following two

methods can be used to authenticate users:

• If all UNIX users have administrative privileges, add the following to the RADIUS “user” file. To

allow only Device Users, change the APC-Service-Type to Device.

DEFAULT Auth-Type = System

APC-Service-Type = Admin

• Add user names and attributes to the RADIUS "user" file, and verify the password against /etc/

passwd. The following example is for users bconners and thawk:

bconners Auth-Type = System

APC-Service-Type = Admin

thawk Auth-Type = System

APC-Service-Type = Outlet

APC-Outlets = "1,2,3"

Additionally, the Network Management Card provides a mechanism for RADIUS to be overridden on a

per-user basis. This allows a specific account to login serially even when the NMC authentication is set to

RADIUS. To enable this feature, navigate to Configuration > Security > Session Management and

enable the Remote Authentication Override feature. Now you can go into each user account

(Configuration > Security > Local Users > Management) and enable the Serial Remote Authentication

Override check box for each user you want to allow this override for.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x26

Secure Disposal Guidelines

Introduction

This topic outlines how to reset the Network Management Card to its default settings and erase all user

information and configurations.

Delete device contents

To reset the Network Management Card or network-enabled device:

•Method 1: Hold down the Reset button on the NMC’s faceplate for 20 seconds, ensuring the

NMC’s Status LED is pulsing green during this time. When the LED changes to amber or orange,

release the Reset button to allow the format function to complete and for the NMC to complete its

reboot process.

•Method 2: Log in to the command line interface as a Super User or Administrator and issue the

format command, followed by the reboot command. For more information on these commands,

see the CLI Guide on the APC website.

NOTE: This will reset the Management Card to its default values and remove all information. If

you are copying your configuration to another NMC, it is recommended you export your

config.ini file before resetting the device. See Knowledge Base article FA156131 for

information on how to retrieve the config.ini file.

Dispose of physical device

For information on how to physically dispose of the Network Management Card or network-enabled

device and destroy its volatile memory, please consult the Statement of Volatility document available on

the APC website.

27Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Appendix 1: Network Management Card

Security Deployment Guide

Overview

As network security continues to grow and change in the fast-paced IT industry, user requirements for

security solutions are becoming a requirement for system delivery. The Network Management Card

(NMC) interfaces are implemented to provide users with as much flexibility as possible. Industry standard

security implementation coupled with the flexibility of the Network Management Card, enables products to

exist in different user environments.

Best Practices for the Network Management Card

To maintain security throughout the deployment lifecycle, Schneider Electric recommends reviewing the

following considerations for:

• Physical Security

• Device Security

• Network Security

Note: Different deployments may require different security considerations.

This document provides general security guidance to help you decide on an appropriate secure

deployment based on your specific security requirements.

Physical Security

Deploy the equipment in a secure location

Custodians should secure equipment from unauthorized physical access.

• Access should be restricted to those who require access to maintain the equipment.

• Restricted areas should be clearly marked for authorized personnel only.

• Restricted areas should be secured by locked doors.

• Access to the restricted areas should produce a physical or electronic audit trail.

Secure access to the device front panel and console port

Deploy the device in a rack or cage that can be locked with a suitable key, or other physical methods. This

will prevent access to the physical ports of the device.

Description of Risk

Attackers with physical access to covered equipment can access the device without authorization.

Recommendations

Physical security must be in place to control physical access to restricted areas and facilities containing

devices. Devices should be locked behind cabinets or protected by physical restraints that prevent

unauthorized access or removal from restricted areas. Access to areas containing covered equipment

should only be granted to personnel who require access based on their job function.

Restricted areas should display signs that clearly indicate access is for authorized personnel only.

Facilities containing covered devices should give minimum indication of their purpose, with no obvious

signs identifying the presence of related functions.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x28

Physical access control devices, such as key card readers, doors and cabinet locks, should be tested

prior to use and on a periodic basis (e.g. annually). Resource custodians should produce physical or

electronic audit trails to record all personnel's physical access to restricted areas for security incident

investigation. Inventory of who has physical access to control devices should be regularly reviewed, and

any inappropriate access identified during the review should be promptly removed.

Device Security

Note: For more information on Device Security options, see Appendix 2: Network Management Card

Security Hardening Checklist.

Software Patch Updates

Schneider Electric strongly recommends that, prior to deployment, customers ensure their devices have

been updated with the latest firmware versions.

Customers are also strongly advised to review security bulletins that relate to their Schneider Electric

products. For information on new and updated security bulletins, visit the Schneider Electric Security

Bulletins web page.

Network Management Card devices must only run software for which security patches are made available

in a timely fashion. All currently available security patches must be applied on a schedule appropriate to

the severity of the risk they mitigate.

Privileged Accounts

Privileged and super-user accounts (Administrator, root, etc.) must not be used for non-administrator

activities. Network services must run under accounts assigned the minimum necessary privileges.

Also minimize the number of local accounts.

Certificates

Replace the Default SSL/TLS Certificate

Default SSL/TLS certificates are created during the initial configuration of the device. These certificates

are not intended for use in production deployments and should be replaced. Schneider Electric

recommends that customers configure the device to use certificates either from a reputable Certificate

Authority (CA) or appropriate certificates from your enterprise CA.

Use of Authentication

Network services and local (console) device access must require authentication by means of passphrases

or other secure authentication mechanisms unless the explicit purpose of the service/device is to provide

unauthenticated access. Schneider Electric supports the authentication and authorization functions of

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS). You can configure the device to use RADIUS to

authenticate remote users. [Configuration;Security;Remote Users;Authentication]

Minimum Protocol

Set the minimum allowed Transport Layer Security Protocol that Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure

Sockets Layer (HTTPS) uses to secure the communication between the browser and the device. This

should be set to TLS 1.2. [Configuration;Network;Webaccess]

SSH Host Key

Schneider Electric recommends the use of an SSH host key. An SSH host key authenticates the identity

of the server (the Management Card or device) each time an SSH client contacts that server. Each server

with SSH enabled must have an SSH host key on the server itself. Use the NMC Security Wizard CLI

utility to create this key.

29Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Logging

Schneider Electric recommends enabling the generation (and therefore, the logging) of Syslog messages

for events that have Syslog configured as a notification method. To configure notification methods for

events, navigate to Configuration > Logs > Syslogs. Use the available functionality to integrate with

Syslog. Use TCP/IP only for logging.

Note: NTP should be enabled on the device.

No Unattended Console Sessions

Devices must be configured to “lock” or log out and require a user to re-authenticate if left unattended for

more than a specified number of minutes. By default, this is set to 3 minutes.

[Configuration;Security;Local Users;Management - General User]

No Unnecessary Services

If a network service is not necessary for the intended purpose or operation of the device, ensure that

service is not running.

Network Security

When deploying a Network Management Card to a production environment, Schneider Electric strongly

recommends that the below key configuration changes are made.

Firewalls

Deploy a Network Layer Firewall

Schneider Electric strongly recommends that the device is not exposed to the public Internet and is

deployed behind an appropriate Stateful Packet Inspection (SPI) firewall.

Enable Device Firewall Software

The device’s Firewall software must be running and configured to block all inbound traffic that is not

explicitly required for the intended use of the device (default: deny). Use of a network-based firewall does

not obviate the need for host-based firewalls.

Use a ‘Default Deny’ policy.

Schneider Electric recommends that administrators configure the Application Firewall with a deny all

policy at the global level to block all requests that do not match the Application Firewall policy.

Background and Description of Risk

Insufficient restrictions on system access over the network increases exposure to attacks from viruses,

worms, and spyware, and may also facilitate undesired access to resources. Not having a rule in place

that denies incoming traffic unnecessarily exposes a system to compromise.

Recommendations

Log firewall activity

A firewall will reduce the likelihood of compromise, but cannot prevent all attacks. Firewall logs, if enabled,

can be used to identify successful attacks. In the event of a system compromise, these logs are used in

forensic analysis to determine the extent of the compromise and nature of the attack.

Enable logs; retain at least 30 days of data; and collect at least source and destination IP addresses and

ports, application, protocol, direction, date and time, and rule.

Log files should be read-only, and with write access granted only to the firewall service account.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x30

Allow incoming traffic from Information Security scanners

Configure your firewalls to allow network-based scanning by Information Security (IS) vulnerability

scanners. IS should scan hosts on the network and determine if hosts are vulnerable to common network

threats, or if a system appears to have been compromised.

Network Segmentation

Schneider Electric strongly recommends that network traffic to the device’s management interface is

separated, either physically or logically, from normal network traffic. A flat network architecture makes it

easier for malicious actors to move around within the network; whereas with network segmentation,

organizations can enhance network security by controlling access to sensitive data in the form of enabling

or denying network access. A strong security policy entails segmenting the network into multiple zones,

with varying security requirements, and rigorously enforcing the policy on what is allowed to move from

zone to zone.

Other Security Detection and Monitoring Tools

Schneider Electric recommends that the environment is protected and monitored by appropriate physical,

technical and administrative tools for network intrusion and monitoring such as IDS/IPS and appropriate

SIEM solutions.

31Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x

Appendix 2: Network Management Card

Security Hardening Checklist

Upgrade to the latest firmware version

Visit the Schneider Electric website to verify you are running the latest firmware for your device. This will

help ensure security vulnerabilities and features are up-to-date for your protection.

Disable HTTP and enable HTTPS

By default, HTTP is disabled on Network Management Card-enabled products. Disable HTTP if it is

enabled, and enable HTTPS for a more secure and encrypted channel for web communication.

Upload a custom HTTPS certificate

Your Network Management Card-enabled device creates an internally-generated HTTPS certificate. It is

recommended that you use the NMC Security Wizard CLI utility to create a custom certificate to help

strengthen authenticity.

Disable older versions of TLS

Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that provides communication security over the

internet. Ensure that older versions of TLS are disabled on your Network Management Card-enabled

device, and use the latest version available.

Disable Telnet and enable SSH

By default, Telnet is disabled on Network Management Card-enabled products. Disable Telnet if it is

enabled, and enable SSH for a more secure and encrypted channel for web communication.

Disable FTP

Disable FTP when it is not in use to help harden security on your device. If SSH is enabled, SCP, which is

more secure than FTP, can be used for file transfers. Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, FTP is

disabled by default.

Disable SNMPv1 and enable SNMPv3

If enabled and configured, your device can be accessed via SNMP. It is recommended to use SNMPv3 as

it is more secure than SNMPv1. Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, SNMPv1 and SNMPv3 are

disabled by default.

Configure SNMPv3 to use AES/SHA

Configure SNMPv3 to use the most secure algorithms, AES and SHA, to provide encryption and

authentication.

Use custom network ports where applicable

By using a non-standard port, your device can be confused by scans looking only at standard ports.

These apply to protocols such as HTTPS, SSH, SMTP, Syslog, etc.

Change the Super User account password

After installation and initial configuration of your Network Management Card-enabled device, immediately

change the default Super User account password.

Security Handbook Network-Enabled Devices, AOS v6.9.x32

Disable Super User account

Ensure there is at least one Administrator account enabled on your device. Once an Administrator

account is configured, it is recommended that the Super User account is disabled. The Administrator

account has the same privileges as the Super User account.

Delete Read-Only/Device User accounts (if applicable)

Read-Only and Device User accounts are automatically created on your Network Management Card-

enabled device. If not required, disabled or delete these accounts to manage access control.

Enable Strong Passwords

Enable this feature to ensure strong passwords are created. All passwords will be required to be a

minimum length and contain special characters to make passwords harder to guess.

Enable Force Password Change

Enable this feature to force all passwords to be changed after a user-specified number of days.

Disable unused network addressing protocols (IPv4/IPv6)

To help secure your device, disable unused addressing protocols such as IPv4 and IPv6.

Disable Ping Response (IPv4)

IPv4 Ping Response allows your device to respond to network pings. Disable this feature to help make

your device undetectable.

Enable internal firewall with appropriate access rules

Your Network Management Card-enabled device has an inbuilt firewall that can be used to restrict access

to and from your device for various protocols and addresses.

Change the default PowerChute Network Shutdown user name and authentication phrase

(if applicable)

If your device supports PowerChute Network Shutdown, change the default user name and authentication

phrase. Note: In firmware version 6.8.0 and higher, there is no default user name and authentication

phrase.

This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by Mike Olson.

Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following

conditions are met:

1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following

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2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following

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Worldwide Customer Support

Customer support for this or any other product is available at no charge in any of the following ways:

• Visit the APC by Schneider Electric web site, to access documents in the APC Knowledge Base

and to submit customer support requests.

–www.apc.com (Corporate Headquarters)

Connect to localized APC by Schneider Electric web site for specific countries, each of which

provides customer support information.

–www.apc.com/support/

Global support searching APC Knowledge Base and using e-support.

• Contact the APC by Schneider Electric Customer Support Center by telephone or e-mail.

– Local, country-specific centers: go to www.apc.com/support/contact for contact information.

For information on how to obtain local customer support, contact the APC by Schneider Electric

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